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DNA Paternity Testing – 5 key questions you should ask your DNA testing provider.
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DNA paternity testing in its purest form is the application of DNA technology to provide information about the parentage of an individual (usually a child). The mother of the child is rarely disputed, and most of the time DNA testing is requested to inform the likely father of a child.
DNA is inherited from our parents, with half coming from the mother, and the other half from the father. This pattern of inheritance allows the opportunity where the mother of the child is not disputed, to produce a putative DNA profile of the biological father. The process is relatively simple in that the final DNA profile of the child is composed of a series of bands which can only come from the two parents. If the mother’s bands are deducted from the child profile the remainder must come from the biological father. Any male that may consider himself the father can have a DNA profile produced and compared against the remaining bands in the child’s profile.
There can only be two outcomes from this type of comparison. The first is a ‘no-match’ scenario where the remaining bands in the child’s profile could not have come from the sample obtained from the alleged father. This is known as exclusion and eliminates the possibility of this individual being the biological father of the child. The second is a ‘match’ scenario where the remaining bands in the child’s profile could all be accounted for by comparison with the alleged father. If this is the case the significance of the match needs to be assessed by a DNA interpretation expert who will provide a degree of certainty associated with the likelihood that the alleged male is the biological father of the child.
Before you commission any Paternity DNA testing you should be sure you have clear answers to the following 5 key questions:
1. Has the DNA testing facility been accredited by a validated external body such as the American Association of Blood Banks (AABB). If the answer is no, do not have your testing done by this company, you may not be able to rely on the results.
2. Does the company carrying out the DNA testing have a thorough track-record in this area of work, and have they proved their technology in court? Be wary of companies that sub-contract their testing. DNA profile interpretation can be a tricky business,
and there is a lot at stake when you commission a DNA test, and you want reassurance on the reliability of your service provider.
3. Is the company you are planning to use an accredited laboratory or merely a broker? Brokers are simply in this game to make money, and have no interest in the quality or the impact of this life changing technology. Avoid them irrespective of the tempting pricing they may offer you.
4. What degree of certainty does the company provide in relation to the results of the tests? An exclusion should be 100% with an inclusion at, at least 99.99% confidence levels. These are the figures that are expected in a court of law.
5. Does the internal quality standard require duplication of all results before they are reported to the customer? This is an industry standard requirement which is often overlooked by some of the ‘cheaper’ DNA testing providers.
If the answer to any of these questions is unclear, my strong advice is to find an alternative provider. You simply do not want to trust such an important piece of work to a company that does not guarantee a top quality product, with excellent customer care back-up.
If you want to find out more about DNA Paternity Testing click on the links in the author section below.
About Author
Peter Vine is a successful online publisher of
Home-DNA-Test-Expert.com
He provides practical advice and the latest information on all aspects of
DNA Paternity Testing, which you can readily research on his website.
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DNA Testing: Prenatal DNA Testing
(The popularity of DNA paternity testing continues to grow in our society. Some observers have expressed concern about the emotional and financial impact of DNA paternity test results on young children. Paternity can now be determined before a baby is born through the use of prenatal DNA testing. Prenatal DNA testing is possible because a child's DNA is formed at conception and does not change. Although prenatal DNA testing is a little more involved than a standard home DNA paternity test, the process is still fairly straightforward. The accuracy levels of prenatal DNA testing are identical to standard DNA paternity testing. Prenatal DNA testing requires samples from the unborn child, the mother, and the alleged father. DNA samples from the unborn child are collected via amniocentesis or CVS. Amniocentesis is the removal of a small sample of the amniotic fluid surrounding the fetus. Amniocentesis can be performed during the 14th to 24th week of pregnancy.
Prenatal DNA testing also requires a separate physician's fee for drawing the DNA samples. DNA samples from the parents are collected via a buccal swab rubbed against the inside of the mouth. As with standard DNA paternity testing, DNA sample collection procedures may vary depending on whether you need court-admissible results. Prenatal DNA testing for court proceedings requires proof of identities and chain of custody verification by a witness.
Questions have been raised regarding the ethics of prenatal DNA testing, given that there are risks to the fetus. But there are several instances in which prenatal DNA testing is preferred. For example, in cases of artificial insemination, there may be a need to verify the sample source.In cases of rape where there is also a consensual partner, prenatal DNA testing can determine the father of the unborn child. Determining parentage may also provide financial benefit to the mother during pregnancy. Some mothers desire prenatal DNA testing because it gives them time to plan ahead, and may reduce stress during an already very stressful time.
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Choosing an Online DNA Testing Service
(Unless you've been living in a cave for the last ten years, you're probably aware of the growing role of DNA testing in everyday life. From forensics to relationships to ancestry, DNA testing is changing the way we validate truth. One of the fastest growing areas of DNA testing is in the realm of DNA paternity testing. There now exist online an abundance of companies willing to provide state-of-the-art DNA paternity testing services. Most of these companies send an at-home DNA paternity test kit directly to you, so that you can collect the necessary DNA samples in the privacy of your own home.Because there are so many DNA laboratories vying for your business, you really need to do some personal investigation to determine which company is right for you and your situation. Since there is not yet any overall regulation of online DNA paternity test providers, it's the buyer's (that's you) responsibility to weed out the real labs from the fly-by-night operations. Here are some things to consider:The testing service should be accredited by the American Association of Blood Banks and should be ISO 17025 certified. The American Association of Blood Banks is an international formed "to advance the practice and standards of transfusion medicine and cellular and related biological therapies." ISO stands for International Standards Organization. The ISO has set quality standards for DNA testing laboratories. These organizations perform audits and inspections of accredited companies to ensure that they maintain high standards. Laboratories holding both accreditations are demonstrating a commitment to quality and accuracy.Beware of hidden costs. Make sure the fee you pay is all-inclusive. It should include the sample collection kit for a home DNA test, analysis by the lab, and results. There have been instances where labs have received DNA samples from clients and analyzed them, only to demand additional payment before providing the results.Make sure you're getting what you need. Choose the right test for your situation. And find out the company's response time. Can they meet your deadlines if you have any? Most labs can provide results in three to nine days, depending on the test. Expedited service is often available for an extra fee.Find out about their privacy policies. Do they guarantee complete confidentiality? Also read about their staff. Companies that provide DNA paternity testing or other DNA tests should employ staff with doctoral level degrees in appropriate disciplines like molecular biology and medical genetics.Do they own their own laboratory or are they outsourcing the analysis to another company? If there are other resellers and brokers in the chain, it may cost you more. Brokers receive your samples and then turn around and forward them to another lab for testing. If the price isn't marked up in this process, then you can probably expect the quality to be lowered.If you're ordering a DNA paternity test, or some other type of DNA test, it's obviously important to you. The results and your actions based on those results will likely have far-reaching and long-lasting consequences, especially in the case of a DNA paternity test. So it's really very important to practice due diligence--that is, do your homework. Investigate the companies you're considering. If their websites don't adequately answer your questions, then call them on the telephone and speak to a representative. Don't even consider companies you can't contact directly.
) DNA Paternity Testing – DNA Paternity Testing for Fathers?
(DNA paternity testing has been a virtual godsend for many fathers or potential fathers over the years, and a curse for others. While once in the realm of science fiction, it is now possible to prove conclusively, one way or the other, if a man is indeed the father of a child.Over the course of history, the accusation that a man was the father of a woman’s child was in many cultures, enough proof to force him to provide for the child, unless it was quite obvious that there was no way the man could be the father, either due to sterility, or if the child was of a different race. IN more recent times, the burden of proof shifted to the mother, and many men simply walked away; abandoning the child that may have very well been theirs.Early tests were conducted using the blood types of each parent and that of the child, but were in no way conclusive. If the father was Type A and the mother Type B, the only way the child might not be his, was if it was Type O. That left a huge margin for error or interpretation. DNA paternity testing on the other hand, is almost 100% conclusive in its results. It cannot tell the difference between two brothers’ particular DNA, but it can definitely show from which family the DNA originated. As long as the two possible parents in question are from different families, DNA paternity testing will work conclusively.For example, someone might claim to be a descendent of Thomas Jefferson. Conclusive testing back to his family can be done, but since Thomas Jefferson had at least one brother, the DNA would conclusively prove that someone from Thomas Jefferson’s family did indeed pass their DNA down through a different bloodline than that of the accepted family tree. Jefferson yes; Thomas, who knows?DNA paternity testing works by isolating the DNA of both parents, and then comparing it with the child’s DNA. The comparison is similar to that of blood testing, but individual DNA is being examined, as opposed to broad blood types.To isolate the DNA, a sample of saliva is swabbed from the mouth, and the DNA extracted using a restriction enzyme that cuts the DNA into identical and easily manageable lengths. The cut DNA pieces are then sorted according to size by the use of a special gel. The DNA is placed at one end of a slab of gelatin and is then drawn through the gel by an electric current. The gel acts like a sieve, allowing small DNA fragments to move more rapidly than larger ones. The result is that after the gel has separated the DNA according to size, a blot is made to trap the DNA in their positions, with small DNA fragments near one end of the blot and large ones near the other end. The blot is now treated with another piece of DNA called a probe that binds to the DNA on the blot. If the patterns are identical, the result is a conclusive match. The technician can then reveal his findings of his DNA paternity testing to the courts or law enforcement agencies that may require the evidence to prosecute a deadbeat dad, or allow a misnamed man to go free.
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